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Thoughts of a Reforming Pelagian

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      31 May 2008

      Prince Caspian: A Review

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      Much of this material came out of an e-mail conversation I had with my good friend Sean a week or so back. As usual, I have been busy (expect a new post on my busyness on 2 June) and have not blogged. And without further ado: a review of Prince Caspian: I found the film entertaining and interesting. The filmmakers adroitly used rich visual effects and the actors were cast appropriately. Although the story is told well, it is not the same story C.S. Lewis told. (Or rather it differs significantly.) The enjoyable parts of the movie include the vivid scenery. It illustrates the book's descriptions rather adeptly. (Lewis was not as detailed as Tolkien in his description, so some of the more fanciful locations [e.g., Miraz's castle] go beyond what I imagined them but don't contradict the text.) Among the many changes in the film from the book, one stands out as a very useful change for telling the story in a different medium: the change from Miraz as Lord Protector to King of Narnia during the timeline of the film instead of sometime earlier as in the book. With this change, one gets to see how Miraz assumed the throne instead of it merely being told in a flashback. I also like the inclusion of the disappearance of the lords loyal to Caspian IX. However, I wish the film had anticipated Voyage of the Dawn Treader and mentioned the 7 lords which were sent on impossible missions overseas. Another minor change I liked was the exiting of Caspian X through a wardrobe in his bedroom; a nice touch tying this into the first film. Many of the film's changes were not only unnecessary, but detrimental to the story of Lewis. Many of these changes seem involve variations to characters in the film. The director Andrew Adamson seems confused about Aslan's character. While his presence is abbreviated in the films, Adamson puts lines into Lucy's mouth, 'Peter, don't you remember who really defeated the White Witch?' So it appears that he suspects that Aslan is central to the story. On the other hand, he abbreviates Aslan's dialogue, omits his appearance with Bacchus, and changes his role in freeing the town of Beruna. Aslan's lines are also strangely altered; the line I like best from the book records Aslan's response to Lucy's observation that he is bigger, 'Every year you grow, you will find me bigger.' However, this is rendered 'Every year you grow, so shall I,' in the film. As Sean writes, 'The book's line indicates how Lucy's perception of Aslan changes as she grows in faith, while the movie's line makes it sound like Aslan is somehow dependent on Lucy for growth.' I concur. Aslan is partially stripped of his deity in the movie. In another example, Peter is no longer the noble High King of the book. Nothing in the book alludes to his getting in fights at school or saying things reminiscent of Nikabrik like, 'We've waited for Aslan long enough.' It is almost as if the modern (post-modern?) movie cannot have a hero who isn't 'complex' or doesn't have a 'dark side'. As has been pointed out on several websites this is akin to Faramir's character being butchered in Jackson's Lord of the Rings. Conversely, Susan loses her negative side, and has a romantic interest with Caspian thrown in. This will make it harder to understand why Susan does not appear in The Last Battle. Overall, the movie was entertaining as a standalone product. Nevertheless the movies takes significant departures from the book and despiritualizes Lewis's work. Plan to read the book alongside (or in lieu of) the movie. And for the sake of completeness a mention of the symbolism in the book cannot be ignored. Keep in mind however, that Lewis was not a strict allegorist. Prince Caspian references both sanctification, q.v., Lucy and Aslan's dialogue above, and a telling of the recovery of true religion (perhaps specifically the Protestant Reformation). After the disappearance of Aslan (Christ) and the Pevensies, Narnia (the Church) fell into decay until about 1500 years later, when Caspian (Luther, perhaps?) discovered Old Narnia and the Pevensies (true religion and the teaching of the Apostles) restored Narnia to its rightful place (the Church to proper worship). Of course, I paint with broad strokes and not every detail will fit this schema. Feel free to discuss in the comments section. And lastly a few links: Modern Reformation's Review Christianity Today's Review NPR stories
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      24 Jan 2008

      Eucatastrophe

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      The Birth of Christ is the eucatastrophe of Man's history. The Resurrection is the eucatastrophe of the story of the Incarnation. This story begins and ends in joy. - J. R. R. Tolkien

      Finding parallels with ancient Greek drama, J. R. R. Tolkien coined the word eucatastrophe to describe the sudden turning of events from bad to good. In his essay ‘On Fairy Stories’ Tolkien notes that most fairy stories have this experience; when the story turns from the protagonists being surrounded by insurmountable circumstances and a single unlooked-for event turns the fortunes of the characters. Consider also, in the Return of the King, when hope is all but lost, the host of Mordor vastly outnumbers the armies of the West; the last hope, Frodo, cannot destroy the One Ring. But, of course, this changes when Gollum/Sméagol takes the ring finger from Frodo, and in comical sequence, dances with pure excitement, loses his footing and plunges into the depths of Orodruin. Since most of Sauron’s power is bound in the ring, he loses this with the ring’s destruction and the forces of evil are defeated (although the characters still fight against remaining evil/sin, cf. The Scouring of the Shire [which was left out of the movie]).

      Tolkien laments that eucatastrophe was absent from the modern novel, (cf. Jude the Obscure written 1895) but notes it is found in the older fairy stories and other literature such as Greek drama. (Star Wars: a New Hope also typifies the device with the destruction of the Death Star.) Although often misconstrued, the eucatastrophe is not the ‘happily ever after’ of fairy tales but the event which effectuates the state of ‘happily ever after’. Yet (as foreshadowed by the introductory quote), the best example of eucatastrophe is the life and death of the Saviour: Jesus Christ. When man had eaten of the fruit of knowledge he enslaved himself and all his progeny in slavery to sin. Man cannot emancipate himself, and worse yet he does not care to do so. While he struggles under the wages of sin, he show inordinate fondness to the master. Stolen waters are sweet (Proverbs 9.17). In spite of all this, God takes on human flesh to accomplish redemption for his people! Even when God’s people do not have the sense to cry out to him, he takes delight in rescuing them from the mire (cf. the stories of Judges). He does not do this from afar but steps right into our world, and takes on physicality. To further expand on this, in the darkest hour after Jesus’ friends deserted him, after the weight of sin crushed him on the cross and brought him into the depths of hell, after the Christ had been dead three days: eucatastrophe. Our Saviour rises from the dead, the power of sin and death is broken (though not removed) and the folly and rebellion of Adam is reversed. While all of this is not yet realized and we live between Resurrection and Glory, we see that this event, the life and death of Jesus, his active and passive obedience, is what causes the sin of Adam to truly be a fall into grace. Not only this, but it effects the reformation and renewal of the entire universe.

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      26 Nov 2007

      Sovereignty, Stewardship, and Climate Change

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      A basic presupposition of Christianity (which is oft forgotten) is that God is in complete control of the universe; i.e., he is sovereign. God has revealed he is Creator and Redeemer and is sovereign over both creation and redemption. When he speaks, things happen. Yet God does not often thunder from beyond the sky, but uses secondary methods (the ordinary and mundane mechanisms of the world) to orchestrate history and achieve his ends. We see even in the lives of Abraham and Moses — who experienced God speaking directly — long periods where God is silent, and the two are asked to be faithful to God without hearing directly. Since the cessation of revelation with the writings of the last apostle, God has been directly history by ordinary, mundane, everyday means. While not much of what transpires makes sense, Christians trust (or ought) that God is sovereign and will work out everything to his end. As Moses wrote, ‘The secret things belong to the Lord.’ In the first sentence God speaks to man, he commands him to subdue the earth and exercise dominion over it. Though often misinterpreted, God delegates humanity as vicegerents or stewards of the earth. The phrase does not mean that man should pillage the earth and mismanage its resources. Before the Fall of Adam, man would have been a perfect steward, always keeping in mind who owned and ruled the earth. He would have productively worked the land, been responsible with the technology he developed, and in all things worked effectively. (He also would have enjoyed leisure fully, but that issue is outside the scope of this article.) But alas, Adam sinned and partook of the forbidden fruit, and we (among other ill effects of that tree) no longer properly steward the earth. J.R.R Tolkien expressed the idea of stewardship well in his Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings. At the time when The Lord of the Rings takes place, Gondor is ruled by the Steward Denethor. Denethor is from a long line of stewards since the kingly line of the Southern Kingdom failed. Over a thousand years have past and no king sits in the throne of Gondor; the steward himself only sits in a chair beside the throne. Denethor's eldest, Boromir, asks how long can the throne be vacant until a steward ascends to the position of king. Denethor, in effect, states never. Yet Tolkien also shows the degeneration of the role of Stewardship as neither Boromir nor Denethor recognize Aragorn as King. How does this relate to climate change? There has been much talk about global warming and greenhouse emissions. It seems indisputable that the earth's atmosphere is getting warmer, though there are debates as to how much. It is also probably true that humanity has some effect on these temperatures. How should we approach this? First, remember that God is sovereign, nothing happens outside his secret will. As stewards, the prudent course of action is to analyse the data, and to develop a course of action that takes all data into consideration. This may include having different emissions standards for different countries, depending on population, development status, economical considerations, and so forth. While we should reduce emissions, this is not the sole thing that must occur. Another part of a comprehensive strategy is to develop non-fossil fuels. Of course other economic considerations must take place. Let us exercise our stewardship well, and let everything be done to the glory of God.
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    A twenty-something confessional Presbyterian writing from Tucson, Az.

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